Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults?

Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults? Before Victorian times there were no age district for young offenders and all who got in trouble with the law were send to adult prisons. In our days crime is everywhere, children and young people making crimes starting from drugs and gangs all the way to murder. Young offenders committing more and more crimes these days. For most children and young people, getting into trouble is part of the normal business of growing up, testing the boundaries and finding ones place in the world. There are many reasons why children and young persons start committing crimes: violence at home, money problems, bored dome, learning problems, poor housing, availability of alcohol and drugs, friends influence, low grades at school and etc. Should children and young offenders be treated differently from adults? Social reformers campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation. One of their key demands was that children should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in privately managed institutions. Mary Carpenter, who argued that three types of institutions were required, free schools for the deprived, industrial schools for young vagrants and beggars, and reformatories for convicted youngsters. (Rutheford, 1986) In England and Wales no child may be guilty of a criminal offence below the age of ten. Between the ages of ten and eighteen, young offenders are dealt with in what is now referred to the youth court, distinguishable in style and approach from the adult magistrates courts, which together with the Crown court, deal with offenders aged 18 or above. (Newburn, 2007) Children who are under ten years old are not responsible and cannot be held for their crimes, they are too young of understanding of consequences of their actions, however in our society today we hear more children under age of ten committing very serious crimes which they should not be doing. For example The Young brothers who subjected two other boys to a 90-minute attack involving torture and sexual humiliation the pair were jailed in January this year to serve at least five years. The media covered the case extensively. The presiding Judge had set a minimum detention period of five years, because the risk the defendants posed to the public and their lack of apparent remorse meant that they were likely to be locked away for considerably longer. (www.guardian.co.uk )The sentences handed to the two brothers who subjected a pair of boys to an attack involving prolonged sadistic violence and sexual humiliation, were appropriate and will not be referred to the court of appeal, according to the statement issued by attorney general Lady Scotland. The trial judge, Mr Justice Keith, jailed the brothers, for a minimum of five years, but the sentences were indeterminate, meaning they ca n only be released if the authorities believe they pose no threat to society. It is important to note that in this case the child protection services had failed the public. If the department had taken action against the perpetrators and made thorough investigation as the boys had a long record of violent attacks against other children and adults, this would have been prevented. Youth between age 14 17 are fully responsible for crimes they commit, but they are treated differently from adults, on the other hand if young offenders are able to commit adult crimes why they should be treated differently? Newburn points out many of the social reformers in the nineteenth century who campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation demanded that they should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in state funded institutions. (Newburn, 2007) Children Act 1908 barred under 14s from prison and restricted the imprisonment of 14 -15 years old. Young people with experience of custody are likely to be the most at risk of reoffending. This is because they are often the most detached from education, training and employment, and are more likely to misuse drugs and alcohol and have mental health issues, which are all know risk factors (Martin Stephenson, 2007). If young offenders will be treated the same way as adults it is more likely they will commit crimes again, because they will be released from adults prison and will have different point of view then realising from juvenile prison or custody. Bob Holman points out that the move to lock up young people reflected a trend amongst adult offenders. Between December 1992 and December 1993, the proportion of offenders jailed by Crown courts rose from 40 per cent to 52 per cent, with the prison population reaching a record nearly 50,000. Custody must have a place in any justice system. Some people are so violent, so criminal, that their liberty must be removed in order to protect others. (Holman, 1995) The Crime and disorder Act 1998 made really big changes the way England and Wales courts are dealing with young offenders. Under principle, children aged 10 to 13 were presumed to be incapable of criminal intent unless this intent was proved beyond reasonable doubt. Since the 1998 Act there is no longer any legal requirement for the criminal courts to take formal account of a childs age when assessing their culpability. (Hayden, 2007) The population of young people housed in prisons and other secure accommodation is exceedingly needy. Almost one third of young offenders in custody have mental health problems and over half have borderline learning difficulties. The result is that children in custody typically have literacy and numeracy ages some four to five years below their chronological ages. One third was reporting that they take drugs not get high, but just to feel normal (Newburn, 2007) . The British Survey find out that 12 month before entering prison 13 per cent of male young offenders on remand and 11 per cent of those sentenced to custody has received help or treatment for a mental or emotional problem. (Newburn, 2007) In conclusion children and adolescents havent been always treated all that differently from adults. Adolescent is the period in which young people appear to engage in anti social activities including crime. For the majority there is a marked fall in criminal behaviour during early adult life, though a minority continues to persist in their offending carrees. In many ways, therefore, in relation to controlling crime, the aim has been the management of this problem population. For the whole of the last century and into this, children and young offenders have also been seen as a group necessitating an approach different from that employed with adults. (Newburn, 2007) Bibliography www.homeoffice.gov.uk   www.guardian.co.uk   Hayden, C. (2007). Children in trouble. New York: Palgrave Macmillan   Holman, B. (1995). Children Crime. Lion Publishing plc   Martin Stephenson, H. G. (2007). Effective Practise in Youth Justice. Canada: Willan Publishing Newburn, T. (2007). Criminology. Canada: Willan Publishing   Rutheford, A. (1986). Growing out of crime: Society and Young people in trouble. Penguin

Islamic Art Essay

To start this topic, the first question that arises in the mind is that what is art? Basically art is not a word, which has a specific definition, but in literal meanings art can be defined as a spiritual sense of a human being, which he or she notes down in an artistic way. Art refers to creativity. Creativity is something very similar to art. The human mind is a congregation of many ideas. These ideas when get note down beautifully on a piece of paper, it is called an art. An artwork is usually considered as a masterpiece when its concept reaches the mind of the people and it is considered as an appreciable piece of work among the people. Masterpieces of art are just not paintings but spray painting, wall painting and other forms of art created for buildings are much appreciable. Islam is not only a religion but it is a way to lead a happy life. Islamic culture and traditions express its importance in the life of a person. Islam has always supported everything either it is of any field. Today the topic is about arts in Islamic religion so an outlook on the past Mughal and Muslim rulers will serve the arts in Islam as a great commodity. Islamic art is not only features which have been introduced to make beautiful mosques or tombs but in fact in true and literal meanings Islamic art is a beautiful creativity which is in every country conquered by Muslims in past centuries. Muslim art has been one of the wonderful one in the world. Islam is not only a religion but it is a pattern of life. It is a beautiful way of life through which every new aspect of creativity has been launched. The reason of Muslim art is not only extension in this field but to introduce new designs throughout the world and improve skills, which have been unknown since centuries. The newly conquered lands by the Muslims have many things old created by the Muslim rulers of past centuries. However, the architectures working there are now working according to the Muslim motifs and strategy. It has been a fact in almost every era that Muslims have succeeded in every field of creativity and this can be seen in Agra. Taj Mahal is considered as one of the most beautiful monuments of the Sub continent. Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for his beautiful wife Mumtaz Mahal. It is still recognized as one of the most beautiful monuments of the Sub continent. The grave of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan lies inside the Taj Mahal and the beautiful calligraphy and textile designing on the beautiful bluish tiles can be seen from inside. But something really drastic happened with the laborers who built Taj Mahal. According to resources some 22,000 laborers built it and after its completion the laborers lost their hands as Shah Jahan said that no body could be able to build such a beautiful monument. This incident rocked the world but still now the laborers are not valued for their creativity but Shah Jahan is praised for laying the base of such a beautiful monument. â€Å"In the time of Muhammad the Arabs had little or no art of their own, but, in their conquest of Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Iran they adopted the highly developed art of these countries. It is known from literary sources that the caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty (661-749) requisitioned materials and craftsmen from all the provinces for the construction of new cities, palaces, and mosques. Byzantine and Syrian masochists were employed to decorate the mosque at Damascus, for which an Iranian was the chief architect. Artists from Egypt worked in Jerusalem, Damascus, and Mecca. † (Dimand, 1947) It is a fact that Muslims in the beginning had no art of their own but soon as they started conquering other Muslim countries, they started introducing various forms of art and cultures adapted from other civilizations. Islamic art is basically an old art form, which started ruling the territories since seventh century. It reached the minds and eyes of people when Muslim rulers of past started preaching of their wonderful ideas. The fields in Muslim arts contain ceramic painting, calligraphy, painting and architecture. There is a sort of unity among the Islamic arts and artists. The merchants, traders who buy the antique pieces created by Muslim artists of high quality have much more understanding with the consumers than any other buyer or sellers around the world. Moreover, the art of ornaments among Muslim craftsmen is an art of great common sense and attention or concentration. Today, Muslim ornaments of past and present are valued most among the people. Muslim jewellery is much more appreciable than that of any other country. The most important feature in the classification of the Muslim art is architecture. Because of pious mosques and imambargah’s the Muslim architectures have to work very hard on the designs and decoration motifs of the mosques they are building. Muslims have many beautiful mosques and religious and visiting monuments on their credit such as the Great Mosque of Cordoba, Dome of the Rock mosque and the Taj Mahal. Apart all of that the religious places, such as Kahan-e-Kaaba and the Shrine of Hazrat Imam Hussain (A. S, whose dome is made of gold). Besides architecture another important and most valued feature in Islamic art is of calligraphy. Calligraphy plays an important role in the history of Islam. Islam values calligraphy both piously and artistically. Artistically Muslim calligraphy is of high quality and piously it is used for writing the phrases of Quranic. Quranic verses when written through calligraphic wittings look more beautiful than ever. Besides all of these creations Islamic artists or craftsmen have been master in metal work and pottery making. The sand of nearly all-Muslim countries is very fertile being close to rivers and seas so pottery work is very courageous here and appreciated too. Metal making, carpet weaving and ceramic work are also very common features in all of the Muslim countries especially in villages that is the reason why Muslim art is so much demanded in all of the foreign countries. â€Å"Islamic Art is an illustrated history that takes a broad approach, covering architecture, crafts, and aesthetics as well as â€Å"art† in the narrow sense, and placing them within their social and historical context. It extends to around 1700, but does not cover the entire Islamic world, only the arid area from Morocco to Afghanistan. Mosques are central to Islamic architecture, but have by no means been static. â€Å"Minarets may now be seen as entirely characteristic of Muslim religious architecture, but the very first mosques had none. † Patronage was critical, and rulers often reworked earlier buildings, making major monuments â€Å"architectural palimpsests. † (Irwin, 1997) Islamic art has always been a way to enhance the skills of workers and people who work for the betterment of Islamic society. Islam is not just a religion but it is a patron to lead a happy life. Even today many visitors from foreign countries and people interested in arts and crafts come to see the creativity or Muslim artists, who work according to the Islamic principles and bring out the designs of those Mughal Muslim rulers who have been now hidden under some old rocks. It can be said like that â€Å"Removing the sand from old rocks†. Conclusion Muslim art has been defined clearly. Research clearly shows that Muslim art is one of the most demanded and old forms of art in the world. Muslims has been working in this field since 7th century. However, when Muslims started conquering other states, they introduced new forms of art and craft there and now they are conquering the peaks of this creativity. Muslims and Islam has always guided people throughout their life in every field. Islam gives us better knowledge to lend a wise and proper life. Islam has given a perspective to us. Today if Muslims are reaching high in this creative field then it is just because of the principles of our prophets and the guidance of Islam. Following of Islamic principles can lend to live a better and happy life and through this one can be able to touch those peaks, which sometimes remained in just imaginations. References M. S. Dimand, (1947), A Handbook of Muhammadan Art, Hartsdale House. New York Robert Irwin. Irwin Islamic Art: Art, Architecture and the Literary World. Laurence King 1997.

Mt everst

Have you ever thought about climbing Mt. Everest? Well, Sir Edman Hillary and Tenzing Norgay were the first people who did. The simarities and differances of â€Å"View from the Summit† by Sir Edman Hillary and the â€Å"The Dream comes True† by Tenzing Norgay are similiar about the events to the top of Mt. Everest, but they're also different in their backgrounds and emotions. They are similiar because they both made it to the top of Everest at 1 1 :30 am. A example is Hillary said, â€Å"At 1 1 :30 am May 29th they reached the top. † Tenzing also said the same thing. They're also similiar because they both had flags at the top of the summit.A example would be Hillary took a picture of Tenzing with the flags at the top. Another example is Tenzing held the United Nation flag the highest under British, Nepals, and Indians below his picture. Finially, they're similiar in the hard challenge they took on before the summit. A example is that Hillary said, â€Å"The ic e cornice would be a challenge. † A second example would be Tenzing said, â€Å"The last chalenge was a struggle. † The two stories are different in their backgrounds. Examples of this is Hillary was a famous climber from Britain while, Norgay was a local guide from Nepal. They were also different in their styles of writing.Hillary wrote more about facts. Fro example 1 5-27'C. Thenzings has more emotional opinions. Finally, they were also different on how they performed the prestiage of Everest. A example is Hillary said, â€Å"l didn't need Tenzings help. † Although, Tenzing said â€Å"Hillary did need my help. † Those are only Just a few similarities they had in their climb to the top of Mt. Everest. They're similiar in the time they reched the top, the flags, and the challenge before the summit. They're different in their backgrounds, styles of writing, and how they performed. Do you still think you would want to climb Mt. Everest or not?

Argumentative Essay On Teen Pregnancy - 846 Words

Teen Pregnancy Teen pregnancy is a major concern in our society, but does it benefit or hinder our teen parents? The U.S teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations, additionally, a total of over 229,000 babies were born to women aged 15-19 years in 2015 for a rate of 22.3 per 1,000 women in this age group (CDC, 2017). While becoming a parent is a wonderful experience and a blessing, teen pregnancy should be prevented because the health behaviors associated with teen pregnancy are hazardous to good health, increases the parent’s school dropout rate, and causes substantial social and economic costs through impacts on teen parents and their children. Health Behaviors and Impacts First, teen†¦show more content†¦Initiatives to ensure our teenagers in our communities receive this type of education is crucial in the prevention of teen pregnancies and health complications. Additionally, as parents and educators, we must acknowledge that positive communication is extremely important in protecting teens from engaging in all of the risk factors mentioned earlier and research has shown that teens who have open communication with their parents delay sexual activity. Communication about peer pressure, community culture, and family dynamics will make teens aware of the added risks. They need to know that there are factors which increase the likelihood of teen pregnancy like living in a single parent household, having friends who are sexually active, dating at an early age, lack of accurate sexual and reproductive health information. Social and Economic Cost Additionally, teen pregnancies increase the parent’s school dropout rate causing lower educational attainment and earnings (Diaz Fiel, 2016). It causes substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children. The cost and time consumed with being a teenage parent forces them to sacrifice investments in their own education and training. Consequently, this hinders employment opportunities making it harder to earn a decent amount of money or complete a high school diploma let alone a college degree. 30% of all teenage girls who drop out of school mention pregnancyShow MoreRelatedThe Case For Rights Education1665 Words   |  7 PagesExperimental Writing, and Metamodern Studies. Using this article on an argumentative essay will be achieved by using it as a supporting source on the consequences of a young adult not attending sex education courses. â€Å"American Teens’ Sources of Sexual Health Education. Guttmatcher Institue, Apr. 2016, www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/facts-american-teens-sources-information-about-sex. Accessed 21 Nov. 2016. As the author states in â€Å"American Teens’ Sources of Sexual Health Education â€Å" sexual health educationRead MoreArgumentative Essay: Abortion1075 Words   |  5 PagesIn my argumentative Essay, I am arguing that abortion is wrong and not to be mistaken with Abortion should be made illegal. I will explain later why I have made this statement. Abortion is the termination of an unborn child in its mothers womb for up to twenty four weeks of the pregnancy or in special circumstances e.g. Disability diagnosis a termination right up until the mother goes in to labour. I think the above definition is an easier and less harsh way of saying that abortionRead MoreWhy Sex Education Is Important Essay1835 Words   |  8 PagesName : Om Prakash Pandey Instructor : Raj Kumar Baral Roll No : 416/069/070 Subject : Rhetorical Composition (538.1) Type of Essay : Argumentative Date of Submission : 27/07/2015 T. U Registration : 6-2-301-114-2007 Why Sex Education is Important in School ? Sex is an essential aspect of human life. It is a natural phenomenon and without applying it the cycle of the human being cannot move ahead or cannot assume. Sex as being such an important part of our life, it is necessaryRead MoreInclusion Of Fiji And Why It Is Agreeable By Supporting The Argument With Evidence2049 Words   |  9 Pageslikely to be looked at as a lower status then men. Furthermore, as a result women in the South Pacific have been facing inequality. In addition, women have started to accept that male are superior and they have to right to command and abuse. This essay will discuss the above statement with references to Fiji and why it is agreeable by supporting the argument with evidence. To begin with, women stay home and look after their kids while men look for employment opportunities (Ravuvu 1983, 2010). ThisRead MorePublic Criminology Essay3270 Words   |  14 Pageslevel, as discovered through this essay. It doesn’t just include lab work, research and discoveries, it involves community based teaching in a way that the public can be informed and educated through upfront communication. Throughout this essay, the broad definition of public criminology will be discussed as well as its relevance to society. As with anything, there are challenges and promises that accompany public criminology and those will be stated in this essay. Examples will be given to help youRead More Shakespeare in Contemporary Movies Essay4875 Words   |  20 Pagesproblematic, Shakespeare is used to hide the distortion of the truth. An example of the rejection of academic Shakespeare comes near the beginning of The Last Action Hero, an attempt to mix postmodernism with Arnold Schwarzenegger. The pre-teen hero Danny is obsessed with movies and especially the Jack Slater series, a set of ultra-violent, formula action films (so formulaic, in fact, that Danny happily mutters plot details before they happen). At first, the movie appears to condemn the factRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagessolvers and decision makers who prefer to deal with technical tasks and straightforward, prescribed problems rather than social or interpersonal issues. They excel at problems that have one correct answer. Multiple-choice exams are preferred over essay exams. Research has suggested that these individuals are inclined toward careers in technology, engineering, and law. In college, students with a knowing style tend to major in the physical sciences, engineering, law, and computers. In business, they

Marketing - 730 Words

Explain why the market oriented philosophy is so important. The phrase market-oriented is used in marketing conversations as an adjective describing a company with a marketing orientation. Market orientation more describes the companys approach to doing business. Market-oriented defines the company itself. If a company is market-oriented, its board and executive leadership believe that the best way to succeed is to prioritize the marketplace above products. This usually goes over well with customers, but the company also must have adequate research and development to provide what the market wants. Hence, a market-oriented organization is one whose actions are consistent with the marketing concept. Difference Between Marketing†¦show more content†¦According to the American Marketing Association definition, Marketing is â€Å"an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders Studies show that the marketing planning process is a logical process consisting of analyzing marketing opportunities, selecting target markets, designing marketing strategies, developing marketing programs, and managing the marketing effort. Hence, the market oriented philosophy is so important because it shed more lights on the importance of the marketing role instead of other philosophies roles such as in product, selling, and production concepts. The marketing concept specifies that the main task of the company is to determine the needs, wants, and preferences of a target group of customers and deliver customers’ satisfactions to generate customer satisfaction and long-run customers’ relationship and gain more profits to the organization. Now, more organizations and firms domestically and globaly started to recognize how marketing contributes to improved performance in the marketplace. References: 1- Kotler, P., amp; Keller, K, L. R., (2008). A Framework forShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. Marketing is dynamic, complicated and challenging. The basic concept of marketing is to identify the need of human and society, and research how to satisfy and create those need. According to American Marketing Association (AMA), defining that marketing is the processed activity which communicate and exchange valuable offerings to customers (AMA, 2013). To be more precise, the main mission of marketing is choosing targetRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing : Marketing1651 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing concept Marketing plays a major function in any business organisation. The essence of marketing is about designing and managing a product and generating exchanges of value from where both the customer and the organisation can attain benefits. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners and society at large (Solomon, Marshall Stuart, 2009, p.13). MarketersRead MoreMarketing Functions Of Marketing And Marketing1229 Words   |  5 Pagestrends, the marketing function is used as a measure in the business-to-business practice, to capture and place varied products in a market place (Kono, 2004). A typical market function provides details regarding the planning, information, product distribution, consumer support, risk taking, financing, and standardization and grading amongst other things (Makloof and Sundberg, 2006). In business a market function acts in respect to the corporate marketing, strategic marketing, field marketing and analysisRead MoreMarketing Concept Of Marketing And Marketing1413 Words   |  6 PagesMARKETING CONCEPT Marketing is an act of promoting and selling products or a service, this also includes marketing research and advertising. The marketing concept is the philosophy used by companies to analyse the needs of their customers so they can be better than the competition. As well as this they must also take into consideration the companies capabilities and the environment it is working in, as they can face the pressures of environmental changes. By using the marketing concept companiesRead MoreMarketing Orientation : Marketing And Marketing1450 Words   |  6 Pages A wide range of companies today prefer to adopt the marketing orientated approach to sell their new products rather than using product orientation before.In fact,marketing orientation also helps such companies to earn more profits in the long time.According to Jobber and Ellis Chadwick (2013),marketing orientation focuses on customers need as the primary drivers of organizational performance.However,this is not always the case. Product orientation still be used by some senior executives and thisRead MoreMarketing : Marketing And Relationship Marketing Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating Marketing With the shift in the external marketing environments, Apple has also shifted its marketing strategy. It personalizes marketing through experiential marketing and relationship marketing. â€Å"Experiential marketing promotes a product by not only communicating a product’s features and benefits but also connecting it with unique and interesting consumer experiences† (Strategic Brand Management, P. 181). Customers can easily experience a sense of community every time they walk in intoRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1770 Words   |  8 PagesWhat is Marketing? A plethora of individuals seem to be misinformed about marketing. Several of these individuals believe that marketing is just advertising. Others will tell you that marketing is all about sales, insinuating that all marketers are just salesmen. Now these beliefs are both right and wrong. â€Å"How can they both be right and wrong at the same time?† you may be asking yourself. Well they are right, because marketing encompasses both advertising and sales. They are both wrong by assumingRead MoreMarketing Mix Of Marketing And Marketing1001 Words   |  5 PagesIn The cutting edge world of marketing dated back in the late 1950s, the four Ps were called the marketing mix, meaning that a marketing plan is a mix of four components. A company who has adopted 4P approach focuses on product, whereas company who has adopted the value approach focuses on value to the consumer. One of other marketing mix is the Value approach. This approach concentrates on delivering value to the consumers or customers, the 4Ps approach is evidently concentrated not on customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Marketing research is the process that associates the consumers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information — information used to classify and describe marketing prospects and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions; monitor marketing performance; and development understanding of marketing as a process. Marketing research identifies the information required to address these issues, designs the method for collecting information, manages and implements

Critical Thinking Assignment On Buddhism - 777 Words

Spencer Zindel 11/23/14 APOL 104 Professor Ross Critical Thinking Assignment Part One: Buddhism †¢ The Question of Origin- For Buddhist, the question of Origin is one that cannot be answered. Buddhist believe that there is no beginning or end of the world. Buddhist do not have an answer for the question of Origin. They simply accept that everything came to be just because. †¢ The Question of Identity- One big belief in Buddhism is reincarnation, which is the idea that you are given new life after you pass away. With reincarnation, you may be reborn many times. Buddhist believe that life cycle to be birth, living, death, and rebirth. Buddhist also believe in the concept of Nirvana, which is a state of freedom and liberation from suffering. †¢ The Question of Meaning/ Purpose- The main purpose in life for Buddhist is to end all suffering. The Buddha was said to have taught that humans suffer. The reason for humans suffering is because we continue to pursue things that will not have lasting happiness. A few of the things that humans continually try to pursue that do not give lasting happiness are material items, health, and friends. The Buddha did say that these things will give some happiness, but will eventually end and cause more sorrow. Buddha also had Four Truth’s: Suffering is life, desire causes suffering, to stop suffering you must first stop desire, stop desire with the Eightfold Path. †¢ The Question of Morality- Buddhist follow the Five Precepts for morality. The firstShow MoreRelatedApol 104 Critical Thinking Assignment Essay926 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Thinking Assignment APOL-104 June 25, 2012 Critical Thinking Assignment PART ONE: The Question of Origin In Buddhism, they do not teach nor do they believe that there is an all-powerful God that created the universe. They look to Buddha, the religion’s founder, for a model of how to behave. In the Buddhist view, the universe is infinite in both time and space and the universe is created and destroyed over and over again in a process we call natural evolution. The Question ofRead MoreEssay Apol 104 Critical Thinking602 Words   |  3 PagesJesus Lopez Apol 104 Week 6 June 25th, 2012    Critical Thinking Assignment A prince named Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) founded â€Å"Buddhism† in the sixth century before the birth of Christ. Buddhism is better understood as philosophy rather than a religion and follows the concept of the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Fold Noble path. Part I   - Analysis of Buddhism 1. Origin – In the Buddhist Worldview, life and the world have no beginning or end. â€Å"There is no reason to suppose thatRead MoreThe Principles of Buddhism1261 Words   |  5 Pagescondition is met. In addition, many of us are constantly thinking about our future dilemmas or past experiences, making it difficult to focus on actually living and enjoying the present moment. These constant thoughts of suffering and worry are all created by the egotistical mind, one that is never conform and filled with greed and selfishness. Self-hood, or always thinking about I and me is the leading cause to our suffering. Our thinking brain, which is the source of our self, is the organ of theRead MoreMy Conversation With Yen Mai896 Words   |  4 PagesMy conversation with Yen Mai provided further evidence for influence of Christianity on Midwestern culture and how Chinese culture lacks this influence. In China, the religions of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are most common and are philosophical in nature. From these religions, it can be argued that Chinese culture adopted the values to honor family and treat elders with respect and obedience above everything. As a result, Chinese students treat their family and the elderly with more respectRead MoreElements of Religious Traditions1308 Words   |  6 Pagessome do not. Religion varies from culture to culture. Certain religions worship a divine being, have a sacred book, or commandments which they follow. â€Å"Shinto, for example, does not have a set of commandments, nor does it preach a moral code; Zen Buddhism does not worship a divine being; and many tribal religions have no written sacred scripture† (Molloy, 2010). There are three main religions that believe in a divine being (God), have a sacred book, and follow certain commandments. The first religionRead MoreOutline Of A Comprehensive Reflective Assessment Essay2510 Words   |  11 Pagesmyself from the others. Vietnamese culture is rich in the teaching of being kind to one another and being true to one self. Hence the reason for the teaching of Buddhism is very popular amongst Vietnamese people. From the philosophy of Buddhism, we believe in doing good deed will bring you eternal happiness and serenity within one self. Buddhism also worship spirits and natural forces and practice ancestor worship. We believe that only their physical appearances are vaguing but their soul still lingersRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Norms Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pageschose to wear slacks, and a white collared shirt similarly to what every man in the gathering wore. I also did not blow out my hair, and had decided not to wear makeup, or even thread my ey ebrows or mustache. Those that were at the potluck were very critical of my appearance. Also, when other women were in the kitchen cleaning, and putting things away, I sat around with a group of men. Instead of actually lending a hand, and asking these women if they needed help, I declined. A woman had turned to myRead MoreThe Culture Of Thai Culture1901 Words   |  8 Pagesgreater impact over the day to day activities of the Thai people. Some of the major values and practice of Thai people include the self-control, the non-confrontational attitude, and respect, etc. A second religion that has considered for this assignment is the Omani culture that has based on various subsect believes or groups of Islam that can know as the Ibadhism,Suni and the Shia, etc. thus, the Islamic festivals and traditions and values are very much important to the Omani culture. At lastRead MoreA Critical Thinking Exercise : The Role Of Religion During World Civilizations3861 Words   |  16 Pages Critical Thinking Exercise: The Role of Religion in Early World Civilizations Name Stephanie Trent_________ Students will complete this critical thinking exercise in history as a â€Å"thought paper,† but will identify sources for their answers. Students can use the textbook and class notes for sources, but can use other sources. This exercise is in the form of a â€Å"short answer format.† This must at least be six full pages, but can be longer if needed. Students are expectedRead MoreAnthropology : Cultural And Social Formation Of Gender And Ideas About Gender2379 Words   |  10 Pagesthe belief that there is two separate worlds for each gender. a. The assignment of this dichotomy and the understanding of prestige, status, and the meaning of power between women and men may simply be skewed. i. This occurs by the definitions of these concepts utilized by ethnographies compiled by Western observers’ interpretations. ii. This assertion presents a need to shift focus away from shared experience of women to a critical analysis of differences among them. III. Chapter 4. (229 words)

Online Higher Education Universities in the United States

Questions: (a) Provide a descriptive analysis of the two variables (e.g., mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum). (b) Develop a scatter diagram with retention rate as the independent variable. What does the scatter diagram indicate about the relationship between the two variables? (c) Develop and estimate a regression equation that can be used to predict the graduation rate (%) given the retention rate (%). (d) State the estimated regression equation and interpret the meaning of the slope coefficient. (e) Is there a statistically significant association between graduation rate (%) and retention rate (%). What is your conclusion? (f) Did the regression equation provide a good fit? Explain. (g) Suppose you were the president of South University. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? (h) Suppose you were the president of the University of Phoenix. After reviewing the results, would you have any concerns about the performance of your university compared to other online universities? Your report need to be structured as follows: 1. Purpose 2. Background 3. Method 4. Result 5. Discussion 6. Recommendation Answers: 1. Purpose of the study: It has been pointed out that during the last few years, the higher education sector in the USA has undergone through a significant alteration in its market place due to the momentous growth rate of online universities (Bekker and Kleibergen, 2001). Though certain growth is there, in terms of proportion of graduation rate as well as the proportion of retention rate has significantly fluctuated during this time frame. It is generally considered that higher the retention rate means the university will evidence higher graduation rate. Under such circumstances, any fluctuation in terms of graduation rate as well as retention rate turns out to be a major concern for the online universities (Kamath, 2009). Now, if the recent economic trend has been considered here, then it can be found out that the organizations are experiencing cut-throat rivalry, whether they are belonging in a specified industry or stayed in different industry. The revelry exists here mainly because of the fact that they intended to go ahead in order to gain the competitive advantage (Kim and Chambers, 2011). Under such circumstances, an in depth economic analysis is required by the online education providing universities so that they will able to comprehend the recent market trend with considering the two major factors graduation rate and the retention rate. 2. Background of the study: Over the time frame as the online universities in the USA are experiencing significant fluctuation in terms of retention rate as well as gradation rate. Since, the retention rate significantly influence the proportion of graduation rate in each universities, it is become essential to understand such fluctuation in the both variables have any significant impact on overall performance of the online universities or not. Under such circumstances, this study is aimed to assess this particular scenario based on these to variables and for that a sample of 29 online universities in the United States were considered here. Data related to these two variables are assorted in terms of percentage. Here, particularly it is intended to assess whether the influence of the retention rate over the graduation rate for selected universities in against the target population has been changed or not. 3. Method followed: Since, the objective of the study is to measure the effect of retention rate over graduation rate for the selected online universities; it is become apparent that analysis through statistical tool will be appropriate here (HaÃÅ'ˆrdle and Simar, 2012). So, it can be said that basically this study followed a descriptive research design, where mainly secondary data related to both the variables will be assessed here using statistical apparatus. Now, it is also the fact that execution of any statistical study primarily necessitates a descriptive analysis for the reason that it will help to employ inferential statistical tool in more effective manner. Under such circumstances, a brief descriptive statistical analysis has been executed here using statistical parameters like mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum (Gionis, 2013). Next, the study followed in depth inferential analysis using multiple regression models. In this context, it is noted that executing any statistical analysis both in terms of descriptive study or inferential study, various instruments like SPSS, Excel, etc were employed by the researcher. Here, the study mainly utilized the Microsoft Excel to do every calculation. Thus, it can be said that the study follows the below mentioned steps: Step 1: Descriptive analysis of graduation rate and retention rate; Step 2: Scatter diagram of graduation rate and retention rate; Step 3: Multiple regression as inferential study; The below mentioned section provides details of the results found following the above mentioned three steps. 4. Results: Calculation of descriptive statistics: Retention Rate (%) Graduation Rate (%) Mean 57.41379 Mean 41.75862 Standard Deviation 23.24023 Standard Deviation 9.865724 Minimum 4 Minimum 25 Maximum 100 Maximum 61 Count 29 Count 29 Table 1: Descriptive statistics Scatter diagram of graduation rate and retention rate with retention rate as the independent variable: Figure 1: Scatter diagram of retention rate and graduation rate Multiple regression analysis: Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.670 R Square 0.449 Adjusted R Square 0.429 Standard Error 7.456 Observations 29 Table 2: Regression statistics table ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 1 1224.286 1224.286 22.022 0.000 Residual 27 1501.024 55.593 Total 28 2725.310 Table 3: ANOVA table Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Intercept 25.423 3.7463 6.7862 0.0000 17.7362 33.1096 X Variable 1 0.2845 0.0606 4.6928 0.0001 0.1601 0.4089 Table 4: Summary table 5. Discussion Here, the researcher provides detailed discussion of the results founds from the analysis. Description of all the aspects was mentioned below in a sequence manner. Referred to the table 1 as mentioned above in the result section, it can be said that the table provides brief of the descriptive statistics related to both the variables. From this table, the mean of retention rate is found as 57.41% and the mean of graduation rate is found as 41.76%. Since, the mean is the measure of central tendency; it can be concluded that all the selected 29 universities experienced more than 50 percent retention rate, which means over and above half of the student who got admission in the respective universities in several courses, are staying with the universities till end of their study. Again, the results mentioned in the table 1 also indicates that the average graduation rate of these selected university remain below the 50 percent, which means each year, the number of students who graduated from their respective universities are lower than half of its student got admission in various curses (Kobayashi, Mark and Turin, 2012). If the standard deviation is being considered as here, then it can be said that the standard deviation mainly explores the deviation of data from its average value (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2012). So, if the current context is taken into account, then the results shows in table 1 indicates that the retention rate of the selected universities experience more deviation in against the graduation rate of those universities. This indicates that retention rate fluctuated more frequently than graduation rate. Finally, the results shown in table 1 in terms of minimum and maximum statistics, it can be said that the spread of data related to retention rate is more than the spread of graduation rate. In case of retention rate, the minimum value is 4 %; whereas the maximum value of this variable is 100 %. Therefore, the spread of retention rate is 96 %. On the other hand, the maximum value of the graduation rate is 61 %; whereas the minimum value is 25 %. Therefore, the spread of this variable is 36 %. Hence, it can be said that the retention rate is fluctuated almost double to graduation rate. This also supports the conclusion regarding deviation of the results drawn from standard deviations. Figure 1 mentioned in the above result section provides the scatter diagram of graduation rate and retention rate with retention rate being the independent variable. It is the fact that explanation of findings found from the scatter plot requires understanding of four important aspects such as direction, form, strength and outliers. Under such circumstances, the scatter plots as drawn in the above result section related to retention rate and graduation rate with retention rate being independent variable are discussed here in terms of these four aspects: [a] Direction: Mainly two types of directions are explained while discussing the direction of the scatter plot, such as positive direction and negative direction. Here, the positive direction indicates that larger values of the category variable will be associated with larger value of response variable. On the other hand, negative direction means larger values of the category variable will be associated with smaller value of response variable. In this context, since the larger values of the category variable [retention rate] are associated with larger value of response variable [graduation rate]; the scatter plot indicates a positive direction. [b] Form: On the basis of form, any scatter diagrams are segmented as no association, no linear association, linear association and perfect linear association. In this context, assessment of the scatter plots between retention rate and graduation rate, a linear association is found here. [c] Strength: According to strength, any scatter plot can be segmented as Zero correlation (r = 0 or near to zero); Weak correlation (-0.35 r +0.35); Moderate correlation (-0.35 r -0.55, 0.35 r 0.55); and Strong relation ( 0.55 r 1) Therefore, in this context, the scatter plots between retention rate and graduation rate shows a moderate association. Finally, the scatter plot is explained here as the moderately positive linear correlation. Here, the regression equation is as follow: Graduation rate = Intercept coefficient + coefficient of retention rate * retention rate Using the results shown in table 2, 3 and 4, the coefficient of intercept is 25.423 and coefficient of retention rate is 0.2845. So, the estimated regression equation becomes Graduation rate = 25.423 + 0.2845 * retention rate The slope of a line is a dimension of how manyunitsit goes up as well as down for each unit is change to the right.Slope of any line can be zero, positive or negative (Pardoe, 2012). Here, if the slope is negative, it means the correlation between entry price and week is negative and positive means there is a positive relation between entry price and week. From the table 4, the value of the intercept is found as 25.423. It indicates that the expected mean value of graduation rate will be 25.423% if the retention rate is being changed to 0%. Again, from table 3, it is noted that the value of coefficient of determination is 0.449. This is a precise parameter which provides details about the goodness of fit of the regression model. It is noted that any value of coefficient of determination near 1 means the estimation is appropriate, whereas any value below 1 means estimation is not efficient enough to predict the graduation rate on the basis of retention rate. Under such circumstances, it can be said that there is a 44.9% chance that the estimation will be accurate. However, the model is not a good fit. Therefore, it is concluded that the provided data is not effective one to estimate the graduation rate with the help of retention rate. Therefore, more review is necessary to predict this specific case. Under such circumstances, if the case scenario of the South University is being considered here, then it can be found that here the retention rate is 51 %, however, the graduation rate reach to 25 %. This would indicate that almost 50 percent of the student, the university is being able to retain are graduated in their specified subject. Since, the overall findings obtained from the study also indicates that same association, in this specific case, it can be said that being the president of South University, no concern is there regarding the performance of this university in against the other online universities (Sprinthall, 2012). Right at the same time, if the circumstance of the University of Phoenix is being considered here, then it can be found that here the retention rate is 4 %, however, the graduation rate reach to 28 %. Though, this indicates the graduation rate is far better than the retention rate, in specific, there is no valid conclusion can be drawn from these two figures (XUE, 2010). In addition to this, it can also be concluded that such information is also largely deviated from the results obtained in the study. Hence, under such circumstances, it can be said that being the president of the University of Phoenix, a concern is there regarding the performance of this university in against the other online universities. 6. Recommendations: The study experienced a moderate positive correlation between retention rate and graduation rate, which further explores that the regression model cannot be considered as the best fit. So, there is an indication that graduation rate might influenced by other variables associated with the online education providing universities such as quality of education, facilities etc. Therefore, to reach into a meaningful conclusion regarding both the variable, other variables also needs to be take care of while establishing the multiple regression model. References Bekker, P. and Kleibergen, F. (2001).Finite-sample instrumental variables inference using an asymptotically pivotal statistic. Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute. Gionis, A. (2013). Data Analysis.Data Science Journal, 12(0), pp.GRDI13-GRDI18. HaÃÅ'ˆrdle, W. and Simar, L. (2012).Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Berlin: Springer. Kamath, C. (2009). Application-Driven Data Analysis.Statistical Analysis Data Mining, 1(5), pp.285-285. Kim, G. and Chambers, R. (2011). Regression Analysis under Probabilistic Multi-Linkage.Statistica Neerlandica, 66(1), pp.64-79. Kobayashi, H., Mark, B. and Turin, W. (2012).Probability, random processes, and statistical analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Montgomery, D., Peck, E. and Vining, G. (2012).Introduction to linear regression analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Pardoe, I. (2012).Applied regression modeling. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Sprinthall, R. (2012).Basic statistical analysis. Boston: Pearson Allyn Bacon. XUE, L. (2010). Empirical Likelihood Local Polynomial Regression Analysis of Clustered Data.Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 37(4), pp.644-663.